The dispute was resolved by the adoption of the nurses' high-laced flat-heeled field boot for outdoor work and marching and the service oxford for office and dress. Even for this limited use, the field boot had to be broken in by an elaborate routine involving heavy wool anklets and ten-minute daily wearings.
The Director therefore recommended that the women get one pair of these field shoes in addition to the two pairs of ordinary shoes. This request was refused by the Army Service Forces: men got only two pairs, both of course flat-heeled, so women could have only two-one of oxfords and one of field shoes. The Director appealed again, pointing out that in such case a woman could not let her service oxfords be sent away for repair, since repair of women's shoes proved to be always slower than that of men's and ordinarily took from two weeks to a month, a prohibitive length of time to be without shoes for office wear.
Finally, after the Director wrote a memorandum on the subject to General Somervell, the ASF agreed to issue Waacs three pairs of shoes-two of oxfords and one of field shoes for office workers, one of oxfords and two of field shoes for outdoor workers. The WAAC utility bag had likewise proved unsatisfactory. The cheap imitation leather adopted by the economy minded Quartermaster General almost at once cracked and peeled. The Director then presented him with a leather bag designed by Richard Koret, and requested its adoption.
Mourned a Quartermaster historian: "It was apparently immaterial that the bag was expensive and that it used calfskin leather, a critical material. Finally, OQMG announced with pleasure that it had located a quantity of seal leather, tanned goatskin, and genuine water buffalo.
These were durable and noncritical materials, and an excellent utility bag resulted. The Navy avoided most clothing difficulties by giving its Waves a clothing allowance with which to purchase uniforms. Various commercial firms produced the uniforms, apparently without any of the Philadelphia Depot's misfortunes, and sold them through department stores which gave expert fitting. Shoes and other personal items could thus be chosen from standard models whose fit suited the individual. The Army was unable to adopt this system, since to provide a money allowance in lieu of clothing would have required Congressional action to amend existing Army legislation.
As Waacs began, under the expansion program, to do various kinds of Army jobs which had not been anticipated by tire WAAC Pre-Planners, a need arose for new types of work clothing.
Of the four types of jobs which had been originally authorized-clerks, drivers, cooks, and telephone operators-the first and last could be performed in the A uniform. Accordingly, the only work uniforms authorized for Waacs were white dresses for cooks and coveralls for drivers to put on over their uniforms while making motor repairs. These work uniforms were issued only to the few specialists concerned.
The majority of Waacs when shipped to the field had only the A uniform plus two of the seersucker exercise dresses, which were worn to protect the service uniform during physical training, kitchen police, and barracks fatigue duties. With the expansion of the Corps, Waacs soon were working in hospital wards and laboratories, driving light trucks as well as staff cars, and being assigned as full-time mechanics, welders, pier checkers, messengers, and gas pump attendants.
In the Air Forces many worked "on the line" in aircraft maintenance and in other jobs that required them to climb in and out of aircraft and up and down control towers. Neither the A uniform nor the fatigue. The A uniform was easily ruined by grease or medicines, and its tight skirt made tower-climbing either impossible or immodest; the exercise dress was even skimpier, being well above the knee and unsuitable for appearance outside the WAAC area.
One of the most important reported work needs was for some form of trousers or culottes, requests for which poured in from the field. The Military District of Washington, after a study of the needs of Waacs in its motor pool, requested a culotte skirt for drivers. The coverall currently, provided has been found unsuitable and unsightly for wear when driving staff cars and the regulation skirt too short and tight.
WAAC Headquarters concurred in this request and asked the development of a divided skirt for drivers. However, Requirements Division, Army Service Forces, refused the request on the grounds that the Director herself had rejected culottes at the time the uniform was decided upon. The Director thereupon acknowledged her mistake but renewed the request, saying, "In March there were no Waacs on duty in the field and therefore no recommendations or decision could be based on actual experience.
The demand for a work garment continued too strong to stem, and later in the spring of Director Hobby again appealed to the Army Service Forces: "It has become increasingly evident as larger numbers of WAAC units are assigned to the field. This action was agreeable to Requirements Division, but, since men had only one type of fatigue clothes, the seersucker exercise dress was deleted from the authorized issue except for use in the training center.
Instead of two exercise dresses, each Waac assigned to the field was now issued one coverall. WAAC Headquarters requested two coveralls, but Requirements Division decided that one would be adequate and that Waacs in active work could later get two by turning in one skirt and one shirt.
The Des Moines Motor Transport School attempted to get three or four coveralls for student drivers, so that coveralls could be sent to the ten-day Quartermaster laundries. The Quartermaster General's Office concurred in this, but Requirements Division disapproved it "in view of the requirements of the using arms and services and the production facilities of industry. The adoption of the coveralls did not solve the need for cold-weather work garments, for which requests continued to come in from both Army and Air Forces stations.
Whereas a man might comfortably wear cotton coveralls over his long winter underwear and wool trousers, a Waac had nothing underneath but her winter panties, only one fourth as heavy as men's winter underwear. In March, what OQMG believed to be women's wool shirts and trousers were issued to drivers only, but these proved greatly oversized and unsuitable.
In late April of , after the Waacs had somehow survived the first winter, The Quartermaster General sent a committee to investigate the situation at Fort Des Moines and make recommendations on winter clothing.
The committee recommended that all Waacs in cold climates, regardless of job, get warmer panties and vests 50 percent wool instead of the current 25 percent and also wool shirts and knee-length wool stockings. All outdoor workers should also get long wool drawers and long-sleeved undershirts, trousers with an inner wool liner and outer windproof cover, field jackets with liners and covers, leggings, and wool caps.
Director Hobby. However, Requirements Division did not favorably consider the field jacket, leggings, and 50 percent wool underwear for women, or the wool waist, trousers, and liner for any except drivers. Warm-weather clothing was equally deficient, according to reports from hospitals and stations in semitropical climates.
These, finding the heavy A uniform totally unsuited to a hot climate or to hospital ward work, had fallen into the admittedly undesirable practice of allowing Waacs to wear the short seersucker exercise dress for many types of jobs, even desk jobs in head quarters where they were fully visible to employees and visitors. The dress was also worn for kitchen police and barracks duties where the long-sleeved coverall was too hot.
Just as the decision was rendered to substitute coveralls for exercise dresses, many southern stations were writing to plead for four or more of the exercise dresses instead of two. The Army Air Forces' large Training Command, which at one time utilized almost one sixth of the entire WAAC personnel, was particularly hard-hit, since the majority of its airfields were along the southern border in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and the southwestern desert.
Enlisted women were obliged to wear two shirts a day and wash them at night, since there were no laundries on the fields. The Air Forces study concluded that Waacs must be immediately issued at least five short-sleeved shirts in addition to their regular ones, three exercise suits instead of the two then issued, and four pairs of cotton anklets instead of the three wool ones then issued.
In reply, the AAF received what it considered an inexplicable decision that no additional clothing would be issued and that even the two exercise suits would be taken away and replaced by a heavy coverall. In May of , three months before the refusal of the Air Forces' request, the Director had made a similar recommendation: that the Quartermaster Corps redesign the exercise dress into a seersucker summer uniform like that of the WAVES and Women Marines.
The Quartermaster General concurred and visualized the development of one standard short-sleeved work dress, longer and better fitted than the exercise dress, which could be worn by cooks, hospital workers; women in tropical climates, and any others who needed such a dress.
The Quartermaster Corps began to study this problem in but no summer dress for universal on-duty wear was produced during World War II. The lack of such a dress was felt most strongly by hospitals, where WAAC workers had no uniform comparable to the nurses' white or seersucker uniforms. Some Waacs wore seersucker fatigue dresses if they had received any before issue was discontinued.
This practice was pronounced unsanitary, since the same dress was worn for physical training, recreation, kitchen police, and barracks fatigue duties, and with only two dresses a Waac could not.
Our Order has many lodges in the UK including the Isle of Man, and as far as Carlisle in the north and south to Bournemouth and westwards to the Cotswolds. We are participating in the University Scheme. Surrey Lodge No. We are pleased to announce that we have lifted the Masonic Suspension imposed in Several lodges have held meetings with more planning to hold meetings shortly. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed.
Data beginning in are annual averages shown in Table 9B , and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received. Data beginning in are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received. Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers.
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers. Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders. Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria values not shown where base is less than 50, Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.
Note: Dash indicates data not available. Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey CPS. For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation provided at www. Beginning in , estimates for the groups shown White, Black or African American, and Asian include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included.
Prior to , people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for to are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in , Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.
Note: Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50, Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50, Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50, Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1.
Full- and part-time status 2. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours. Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. The data in this report, collected in the ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years.
Approximately three-eighths of the CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.
Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only.
Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80, Source: Current Population Survey, U. Note: Displayed workers are workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January and December because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria values not shown where base is less than 75, Total, high school graduates 1.
Total, high school dropouts 2. Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria values not shown where base is less than 75, Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Enrolled in high school 1. High school graduates, no college 2. Native born, 16 years and older 1. Foreign born, 16 years and older 2. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants.
The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories. Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey.
Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U. Armed Forces. Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.
Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey CPS , a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60, eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: Federal Relay Service: Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children.
Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household. The civilian labor force participation rate represents the number of people in the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population. The civilian noninstitutional population is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on Active Duty in the Armed Forces.
Disability status is determined in the CPS through a set of six questions. The questions are about physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished.
Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement.
All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed. The employment-population ratio represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the population.
The foreign born are people residing in the United States who were not U. Every day our employees, many of them veterans, execute hundreds of projects supporting our War Fighters down-range and on the home-front. Our growth has been forged by our ability to take customer requirements to the field faster than anyone else.
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